Showing posts with label consumerism. Show all posts
Showing posts with label consumerism. Show all posts

11.13.2012

Menken’s, Macy’s, and America

As we know, everything in America is bigger, better, and more easily accessible. But, where did this need for the one-stop shop begin? In Mad Men, Rachel Menken’s department store ‘Menken’s’ has troubles advertising and so they turn to Sterling Cooper to help. Yet, not all department stores had such trouble advertising. The evolution of the department store is one intimately tied to America and the vast variety of department stores reflects America’s need to facilitate shopping in the era of the housewife. 

In 1858 Rowland Hussey Macy open up the “fancy dry goods” store under the company Macy & Co on sixth avenue in New York City. It was one of the first departments stores to open in America, and even to this day it is one of the most popular. Albeit a precursor to the modern day department store, the “fancy dry goods” store did not sell exclusively clothes, but rather they sold tools for embroidery, in addition to carpets, oil, and cloaks As Macy’s progressed into the fashion giant that it is today, it left behind it’s multipurpose business to transition into clothing.


In 1864 Macy’s began to use elaborate window displays, and created the idea of the ‘window shopper’. This newfangled and direct way of advertising relied on impulse buying. By presenting their most beautiful new garments directly in the window, the everyday person walking by can be taken aback by the fancy designs and can be enticed to enter and buy. This new advertising method has been recreated all over the world, and nowadays one expects window displays to be showy, extravagant, and flawless. 


In 1924 the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade was born. Through their strategic name placement, Macy’s became a household name, and their advertising infiltrated the America psyche.  This classic American tradition was characterized by the ever-famous department store, and thus continued their brilliant advertising. 

For department stores, advertising is almost as important as product. If it were not for commercials and window displays and strategic sponsorship, Macy’s would not have become the powerhouse of fashion that is now is. 

11.04.2012

"Slug Bug, No Slug Back!"


Many view the Volkswagen (VW) Beetle, first built by the Germans in 1931, as an ugly or delicate type car, but fact trumps over everything.  The Volkswagen Beetle is actually the bestselling and longest lived car in the history of the automobile industry. In the first season of the AMC television series Mad Men, Episode 3, the guests at Bobby's birthday party (Carlton, Chet and Jack) are caught making fun of Helen Bishop for driving a Volkswagen Beetle. In the episode there is a reference made by Chet at the party by saying, "The last time I saw one of those things (Volkswagen) I was throwing a grenade into it." This line, although it seems of no significance, is actually quite informative.  The history of the beetle car is an interesting one.  It actually began being produced in the 1930's and it was used exclusively by Nazi Germany in World War II.  This is why it is believed that the beetle car actually had a lot of trouble selling when it first was released into the world market. 


Image credit: http://img.ffffound.com/static-data/assets/6/7d7d2a8cb6204602e8ad0afd0a8b16f0442bbc73_m.gif
 
The car that was at first most hated by just about everyone around the world turned it around and became the bestselling car in the automotive industry, even beating Ford's Model T.  How could this possibly happen?  One word: Advertisement. During the 1960's the Beetle had just started to become quite a bit popular through witty advertisement. In Benjamin Preston's article "The VW Beetle Started with the Nazis, Boomed under MadMen and Died in Mexico," he mentions the low points and how it managed through advertisement to reach a bestselling status. In the television series Mad Men, Episode 3 Marriage at Figaro, Don discusses the VW Beetle with his coworkers. They are trying to find something wrong with the famous "Lemon" VW ad.  The guys can't seem to find a thing and Don says, “Love it or hate it (The Ad), the fact is we have been talking about this for the last 15 minutes." This is the type of advertising that brought the VW out of being just about bankrupt to being one of the most successful car industries in the world. 

Image credit: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6GebuQC08QFyvZ9A90ZoG-4UOCOYNioEzedI8uVZu47EyKVS1RnN_HSJFeM97SfQjr6wizW9kNnKP6e5wjW5L1WHxi_xeSn4TnLAXMAgERT4qaQW4WOf0-lK2MvDq1ggqLWvYdB8suRI/s1600/HitlerPorscheVW1938.png
 
The beetle in present day is actually looked at as an affordable and economical car. Nowadays, most people couldn't tell you that the beetle was first produced by the Nazi's. In fact today the VW Beetle has grown so popular today that even kids play games with relation to it. VW still dedicates a lot of time and money towards advertisement. VW always has an ad during the super bowl, which is considered the best time in the world to advertise.  VW is a company that has made one of the greatest comebacks of all time.  They did this not through a bail out or through creating something new, but through advertisement. Don portrays this type of effective advertisement when he presents his pitch on The Wheel. Don takes something seemingly useless and turns it into a present day slide show of pictures.  

Links referenced:

 

10.24.2012

Evolution of Advertising: Gillette

Advertising plays such a large role in present day consumerist America. For example, the National Football League’s Super Bowl, arguably the largest sporting event in 21st century, draws a lot of viewers just for the advertisements. When it comes to advertising, however, the target audience is a key factor that is discussed. In episode 2 “Ladies Room” of AMC’s Mad Men, the boys of Sterling Cooper’s creative department are introduced to a new innovation. This innovation is not only important for the world of advertising but also for daily life in general, and it comes in the form of an aerosol spray can. The product in which that episode’s pitch was centered around was the new Right Guard antiperspirant spray deodorant. Although spray deodorant is very conventional today with the sex-appeal targeting advertisement of AXE, it was difficult for Ken Cosgrove, Paul Kinsey, and Salvatore Romano to find a suitable advertising pitch as Right Guard was the first aerosol spray deodorant. However, by taking a look at Sterling Cooper’s Right Guard campaign, we not only see the evolution of advertisements by Gillette but we also see the progression of advertisement methods in America as a whole. 

 

(A modern AXE advertisement as depicted above. The target audience for the present day body spray is male with a strong focus on the female sex appeal.)

Gillette started as a company specifically for men’s grooming needs. It later targeted women as well, and towards the latter half of the 20th century it ventured into the market of Toiletries. Gillette’s Right Guard antiperspirant deodorant spray was an innovation for the toiletries sector, and thus innovation was the key concept for Sterling Cooper’s creative department’s pitch in “Ladies Room.” As Paul Kinsey praises the Right Guard spray-can as a “rocket” and a “space age...engineering marvel”, Donald Draper, head of the creative department, comments that Paul needs to look at the target consumer who will physically buy the Right Guard spray-can. During 1960s America men occupied more of the high paying jobs than women did. A majority of the labor force was men, and while the men worked, the women would stay at home and do the household shopping (refer to the chart for statistical information). Thus, Donald Draper regarded how the advertisements for the first Right Guard spray deodorant should target the women buying the product and not the men. This advertisement campaign held true for the time period in real life as well.  
 
The advertisement above is a magazine spread. During 1960s America, magazine spread advertisements played a major role in gaining public attention for a product. Although they play a role in today’s advertisement market, they are not as large as the television/media market for advertising. Although as seen in the ad above, Right Guard still does target women today, it mainly targets the male market for which the product is optimized for. 



Seen in this advertisement video from present day America, Gillette has changed its Right Guard ad to target the different cultural norms and mentality of the 21st century. With Mad Men as a lens, we are able to see the evolution of advertising from 1960s America to the present day through a company that has successfully thrived through diversifying its advertisement methods based on the changing of time periods. Keep on the cutting edge Gillette!



 







10.23.2012

Mad Women: The Other Side of Madison Avenue in the '60s and Beyond


"As the director of the “I Love New York” campaign and winner of “Advertising Woman of the Year,” it’s fair to say that Jane Maas knows her stuff. Maas was a copywriter and then creative director at Ogilvy, a prestigious advertisement agency on Madison Avenue during the later third of the 20th century and has written Adventures of an Advertising Woman and How to Advertise (ie the advertiser's bible). These two texts are revered worldwide for their insight on the craft that is advertisement, and she, along with Ken Roman are renown for their genius. They were among the best of the best. In her latest publication Mad Women: The Other Side of Madison Avenue in the '60s and Beyond, however, Maas removes her hat as Advertiser Extraordinaire and gives us the inside scoop on the Mad World as a Working Woman. 
Quick fact: According to Jane, high-powered women never took their hats off in the office. Ever. It conveyed status. “It’s one of the rare bits of costuming that Mad Men gets wrong” (Maas 128). Just saying.
In short, all of our guesses about the frequency of sex, drinking, smoking, belittlement, infidelity, and strife in the lives of the Mad Men are true. 
In a chapter entitled “Sex in the Office,” Jane says that most women of the time agree that there was more sex than on the show. More! She also begins with a humorous, little anecdote about a brilliant female advertiser who resided in Connecticut with a three-year-old child. Jane asks her about the sex in her office building, and the woman tells her that she most definitely engaged. Her name? Joan. Coincidence? Probably not. 
As depicted on the show, people were rather nonchalant about sex because the Pill was brand new and freely prescribed. In addition, “sexual harassment” wasn’t an issue, as the climbing-the-corporate-ladder perk of an office rendezvous was all too tempting to copywriters and secretaries, and the idea of Human Resources, a place one would go to report an incident today, hardly existed. 
Maas also goes into much detail about substance abuse. Mad Men does a fairly good job of replicating the prevalence of alcohol, but she cannot remember a time when anyone partook in morning shots. Also, Draper and Sterling keep bottles on their desks, but Maas describes a highly utilized executive dining room that carried “every liquor imaginable” (Maas 111). For free. But even though employees had easy access, she can only recall one person with a severe problem with alcoholism. He happened to be a wonderful and successful creative director. Is this not reminiscent of big shots Don’s and Roger’s excessive drinking habits?
In her “A Day on Madison Avenue, 1967” chapter, Maas recounts her average day. It consisted of many, many cigarettes. Of course the daily grand total fluctuated, but she lit at least three before 8:15. A lesser “advertised” form of smoking was with marijuana, but it was absolutely present in the office and at home among the younger folk. 
Lastly, and by far most interestingly, Jane Maas bares her soul in this book. In truth, I can imagine many a Mad Woman fervently nodding their heads in agreement or even shaking their fists in fury from remembering the lifestyle as they read “Have You Really Come Such a Long Way, Baby,” the final chapter in Maas’ book. She admits that her career came before her husband which came before her daughters. She never really worried about housekeeping or cooking because she had a maid. (One she loved and considers part of the family--a second mother to her children, if you will--but a maid just the same). 
Maas reveals that both the stay-at-home and working mother lived unsatisfied lives. 
Jane calls stay-at-home moms “trapped...because they graduated from Bryn Mawr and Radcliffe and Vassar and Smith, got married and ...vanished. They had no identity apart of being somebody’s wife and somebody’s mother. So as they hung their laundry on the line in their suburban backyards, they gnashed their teeth” (Maas 215). For those of you who loathe Betty and the other housewives, consider this. 
And as a working mother, she talks about the pure anger. “Almost every woman...especially working mothers told me how angry she felt about being torn part, and how much she reproached herself for underperforming in all her roles” (217). She also argues that it’s very, very possible that times haven’t changed, hence the chapter title. She proves this through her chronicle through the ages and the different kinds of mothering method each decade brought. Her analysis is poignant; surprisingly modern with mentions of Tina Fey’s mothering experiences, the helicopter mom, and dependence of an iPad; and finally, rather tragic. She concludes, how “shocking” she finds it that successful career women in their prime are quitting their jobs to stay at home, leaving their lives for rearing children and the money making to their husband; thus, there is no happy medium. Maybe being a family woman and a professional one is mutually exclusive. Her disheartening and baffling (I thought this balance was what being a modern woman was all about!) conclusion is so, so profound. I firmly believe it will resonate with every current or future wife, husband, daughter, son, employee, and employer. (Read: This means everyone). 
Now, a moment of honesty from me: I may have mislead you in the beginning of this post. I told you she took a step back from her advertising ways, but as we see in Don Draper, an advertiser never leaves his or her work in the office. Maas’ struggle is evident and should be shared, her capitalization of our beloved AMC hit series’ success is certainly an example of this constant desire to sell and profit. But nonetheless, Mad Women is special. While this certainly does not apply to any of us Maddicts, this book would appeal to those who have little to no knowledge of the series. Currently it stands among few as a publication devoted to Mad Men, but what really makes Mad Women an essential read is Maas’ thoughtful, humorous, and honest take on the never-ending conflict of being a woman of any time period: balancing a life, a family, and a career--and not necessarily in that order. 
Sources:
Maas, Jane. Mad Women: The Other Side of Madison Avenue in the 60s and Beyond. New York: Thomas Dunnes Books, 2012. Print. 

(Picture from Macmillan)

10.09.2012

It’s not a destination. It’s on the way to someplace.

“They have 28 flavors, surely you can find one you like?” A reasonable question from an exasperated Don Draper (Jon Hamm) as he deals with his young wife Megan (Jessica Pare) in “Far Away Places” of the fifth season of Matthew Weiner’s period drama Mad Men. 


Megan had grown tired of Don’s bossy nature and decides to draw the line at…orange sherbet. Don’s frustration rises as their quarrel escalates, and finally points out that if she didn’t like that flavor, there are plenty of other options. Howard Johnson made sure of that. 


Image credit:  http://www.nydailynews.com/polopoly_fs/1.1066177!/img/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_370/image.jpg

The scene of the newlyweds fight is a Howard Johnson’s hotel, an extremely popular chain in the 1960s and 70s. It is featured prominently throughout the episode, and is used as a catalyst for the events that take place throughout the episode. Howard Johnson’s was in fact, not originally a hotel. It instead goes back to 1925, and an orange-roofer soda fountain and ice cream shop. It was around this time that Mr. Johnson developed a secret formula for his ice cream, off of which the success of the rest of the chain was built. Johnson began to expand in the 1930s, beginning with a second store in Orleans, Massachusetts. This was one of the first franchising agreements in American history.  The restaurants became increasable popular, and by 1954 there were over 400 Howard Johnson’s restaurants in 32 states. It wasn’t until 1959 that the company created the concept of Howard Johnson Inns alongside highways, and they entered the hospitality business. This is the primary reason for Don and Megan’s visit, as the company was looking for a way to market their new hotels. The concept was successful throughout the next couple of decades, up until Johnson sold the company to Imperial Group PLC for over $630 million. The company is now part of Wyndham Worldwide, which still operates many of the hotels. Only two of the original restaurants still remain, one located in Lake Placid, New York and the other in Bangor, Maine. 




Image credit: http://blogs.dallasobserver.com/cityofate/Howard%20Johnson's%20Restaurant.jpg

Howard Johnson’s was also known for its signature trademarks. Like Don pointed out to Megan, there were 28 flavors of ice cream at every restaurant.  Johnson as once quoted saying that the “28 became my trademark” at each of his venues. Each Howard Johnson’s also had a district look. The roof and awning were typically a bright orange, as was most of the furniture inside of the building. On top of each building was a weathervane, which now can be bought for a few hundred dollars on eBay. The Howard Johnson logo was also found on the weathervane. It featured an outline of Simple Simon and the Pieman, sometimes lighting a light post.  These characteristics are featured prominently throughout the episode, and played a role in Don’s meltdown throughout the night as he searched for Megan. It’s too bad they ended up at a Howard Johnson’s, I doubt they could’ve had the same fight at a Holiday Inn. 

Links referenced:













10.05.2012

"People Were Buying Cigarettes Before Freud Was Born"

It seems as though there isn't a single scene in Mad Men, where a cigarette isn't lit. Donald Draper sits on his office couch with his arm draped over the back with a cigarette in hand. Betty Draper rests at home with a glass of wine and a cigarette in hand. Peggy Olsen lights up a cigarette at a dinner date, even though she does not smoke. The countless examples of smoking in Mad Men display how in the 1950s and early 1960s, cigarettes were a staple of American culture. Although meant as a luxury good in its early days, cigarettes had already reached mass production by the 1950s. The urban elite were not the only ones smoking cigarettes, anyone could get their hands on one. Cigarettes were cheap to buy and socially accepted at any location and occasion. Don is always seen smoking at his office, his fancy restaurants and parties, and on the train home. Smoking was allowed on planes, trains, buses, offices, restaurants, schools, and almost any public area you can think of. Hollywood glamorized smoking with celebrities, such as James Dean, the man who always had his cigarette, and Audrey Hepburn, who made smoking classy and sophisticated. 



Which brands were the most popular? Lucky Strike is most commonly smoked in Mad Men since Sterling Cooper has an account with them. Some of the most popular brands in the 1950s and 1960s included Lucky Strike, Marlboro, Camel, Pall Mall, Parliament, Salem, Newport, Winston, Kent, Viceroy, Kool and more. Cigarettes advertisements depicted them as part of American life and played on the aspects of being a man or a sophisticated woman, having fun, and relaxing. Just as Don may be smoking because he’s a man, Betty may be smoking because she's stressed, and Peggy may be smoking to fit in. Cigarette brands used celebrity and athlete endorsements, cartoon characters, politicians, children, and even medical professionals to sell their product. In the episode, “Smoke Gets In Your Eyes,” Don knows that even though a magazine called Reader’s Digest claims that cigarettes are dangerous, people would still buy them; Sterling Cooper just can’t advertise physicians claiming they are safe anymore.

Here is an advertisement for Camel cigarettes preposterously trying to make you feel better about smoking since your doctor loves it too.


This is an advertisement for Marlboro in the 1960s, hinting that smoking Marlboro cigarettes will make you feel like the rugged man that you want to be.


Alas, since the word spread about cigarettes being dangerous and the efforts began in the 1970s, the government has heavily regulated cigarette advertisements, added warnings and images to packaging, and banned or limited the places you are allowed to smoke. Back in the “Mad Men” days, however, smoking was not even given a second thought. Light another one, Mr. Draper. It’s toasted.

Links referenced:






3.29.2011

The Pill

In the first episode of Mad Men, titled “Smoke Gets in Yout Eyes,” Joan sends Peggy to a gynecologist to receive a prescription for The Pill. During the appointment, one of the first doctor’s first comments was to question Peggy’s desire, as a single woman, to take the pill. Through the entire scene, he makes comments that judge Peggy, and other women, for their use of contraception. If these attitudes were so prevalent in the time period, why was the pill invented, why did it become so popular?

Development of the birth control pill began in the early 1950s at the urging of early birth control advocate Margaret Sanger. The activist believed that because of unreliable or inaccessible birth control many women and families were burdened with children that they could not possible take care of. Because of many retrictive laws, Sanger was unable to distribute a great deal of useful information on the topic. Despite delays in development, large scale clinical trials of the pill began in 1957. While earlier small trials had occurred in the United States, laws against birth control forced the developers to hold trials in Puerto Rico. Later that year, The Pill, called Enovid, was given FDA approval for the treatment of menstrual disorders. Three years later, it became the first drug approved for use by a healthy person when it was released as birth control. Within two years 1.2 million women were being prescribed The Pill and other companies are beginning to break in to the market.



Image credit: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/timeline/timeline2.html

One problem with the early birth control pills was that they carried the risk of deadly side effects. These side effects, such as depression, blood clots and strokes, were often ignored by the drug company, the FDA and the prescribing doctors. Often, they were viewed as relating to outside causes and sufferers were referred to specialists. It took the publication of a criticizing book in the late 1960s before an investigation finally occurred. Despite these side effects, the number of women choosing to take the pill continued to increase: in 1973, 10 million women were taking the pill, and by the mid-1990s the number reached 80 million worldwide.



Image credit: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/timeline/timeline2.html

This Pill’s main result was giving women more control over their bodies. They were able to decide when to have children and whether or not they wanted a career. This allowed women to remain in the workforce longer and develop a career. This is one reason that, by the 1980s, 60% of women of reproductive age were employed in the United States. It also meant women could be more spontaneous in their personal lives. The doctor clearly objected to that aspect.

Links referenced: http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/secure/aboutms/index.html

http://www-scf.usc.edu/~nicoleg/history.htm